Taxonomy classification pdf

Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Taxonomy notes pdf 1. December 07, Taxonomy 2. December 07, Taxonomy: The classifying and organizing of all living things. All discovered organisms, including those that are extinct have a classification.

At least 1. He was the first to classify organisms into groups. He called his groups "taxa. He had a fascination with plants and their names Trained in botany as part of his medical school training Started by organizing plants based on characteristics.

His students collected specimans for him from all over the world he published Systema Naturae, The Classification of Living Things, the very first book of its kind 4. December 07, Organized: All living things are made of at least one cell 7. December 07, Reproduce: All living things can make more living things of the same kind.

December 07, Respond: All living things can react to changes in their environment 9. December 07, Metabolize: All living things take in chemicals from their environment, use those chemicals for energy and for growth December 07, Evolve: All living things can change over time in order to adapt to changes in the environment and increase chances of survival. December 07, Binomial Nomenclature: The system of writing a scientific name as the genus and species of an organism.

December 07, Rules for writing BI NOMS The Genus is always capitalized The species is always lower case If it is hand-written, it is underlined, if it is typed it is in italics Both names need to be latin words, or "latinized" The names are based on Characteristics of the organism Where it was discovered Who discovered it.

December 07, Taxonomy of Humans Kingdom: Animalia December 07, Phylum: Chordata December 07, Class: Mammalia December 07, Order: Primata December 07, Family: Homonidae December 07, Hey! I'm all alone! I'm the only member of my Genus left! Genus: Homo There were others, but they all died out species: sapien December 07, Everything Starts with the Cell There are two "super kingdoms" based on the type of cell Prokaryote Eukaryote Does not have genetic material Does have genetic material bound in a nucleus bound in a nucleus More complex cell with many parts Simpler, more "primative" type of cell December 07, The Six Kingdoms December 07, Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Some are capable of photosynthesis but most are decomposers Some are capable of moving independently flagella Reproduce asexually Examples: bacteria, and blue-green algae December 07, Protista Eukaryotic have a nucleus Most unicellular, some colonial Some are capable of photosynthesis, some are consumers, some decomposers Certain groups capable of movement using small hairs cilia , flagella or "pseudopods" Reproduce asexually These organisms need a moist environment Examples: amoebas and paramecium December 07, Fungi Eukaryotic Cells have cell walls made of chitin pronounced "kite en" same substance that makes up the exoskeleton of insects Mostly multicellular a few are unicellular Not capable of photosynthesis all decomposers Reproduce asexually binary fission, budding, spores Not capable of independent movement Digest food outside organism from dead, decaying matter EX: mold, yeast, mushrooms December 07, Plantae Eukaryotic Cells have cell walls made of cellulose Multicellular Have tissues and organs Capable of photosynthesis Depending on species, can produce asexually or sexually, or both Not capable of independent movement EX: mosses, flowering plants December 07, Animalia Eukaryotic and No cell walls Multicellular Many have tissues, organs and systems All are consumers Depending on species, can reproduce asexually or sexually Most are capable of independent movement with a few exceptions Examples: sponges, birds, mammals, insects December 07, Total views 36, On Slideshare 0.

From embeds 0. Number of embeds Downloads 0. Shares 0. Comments 0. Likes You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The utility of a taxonomy in ATD outcomes research is discussed. DC This article uses the term assistive technology device ATD to describe a category that includes both assistive devices applied to or directly manipulated by a person—for example, a wheelchair and special equipment attachments to the original structure of the physical environment—for example, grab bars in the bathroom.

ATD outcomes research has been defined as the Am. ATD providers should also be able At a minimum, ATD outcomes research re- to use it for documenting and evaluating ATD quires adequate specification of each of these ele- products and services delivered to the user.

Intervention-outcome models that are ade- developers should find it useful for formulating quately specified make it possible for researchers to comprehensive design goals for a projected device. They also make it clear why some- and practical issues for planning outcome studies one would want to pick one instrument over others and testing device-specific causal models of ATD to assess the effect of a particular form of ATD outcomes.

We are working to develop a classifica- intervention. From this analysis, the validity of an tion system with the features that are described outcome measure is demonstrated by its ability to above, henceforth referred to as the CATOR detect the effect from an ATD intervention when, taxonomy.

ATDs embrace an by the instrument is known to exist. It is reasonable, though, to number of promising initiatives have been de- assume that the number of outcome domains is scribed. Although there are a them.

If an adequate taxonomy of ATD outcomes number of published ATD classification systems, existed, one should be able to classify the outcomes none has employed a coherent, consistent, and intended from the use of any assistive device and comprehensive strategy for classifying on the basis recognize the resemblance that these outcomes of effect on functioning. These systems typically have to the family of device outcomes that makes include other considerations for grouping ATDs, up the domain.

They serve some purposes natural relationships. For example, none is consistent in clas- Consistent with general usage, the term taxonomy sifying devices according to their intended effect on is used throughout this article to refer to a process the user. None makes obvious the full range of of grouping entities according to their similarities. Many of their consti- and latter with the classification of conceptual en- tutive categories and concepts are unclear, their tities.

This taxonomy need to be measurable and their bound- article reflects the conviction that taking a much aries clear and distinct if the classification is to be broader view of what ATDs are intended to do and useful for scientific investigation. ATD users and capable of doing is a more promising approach to providers should be able to use the taxonomy in a developing a taxonomy of ATD outcomes.

The taxonomy being proposed is intended to A number of authors have proposed that the flow from the CATOR framework for the concep- ICF framework for describing health and some tual modeling of outcomes, which provides an health-related components of well-being may be overarching framework that can be applied to vir- helpful in developing a unified and standard lan- tually any form of ATD. Research suggests that its key Health ICF. However, it is important to tion scheme that adheres to the following organiz- realize that taxonomy is designed to improve the ing principles adopted by the ICF and augmented effectiveness of research and data collection and for the purpose of taxonomizing ATD outcomes.

Domains of outcome should embrace encompass the ICF parts and components. Subjective well-being refers to the This article proposes that every form of ATD degree to which an ATD affects how users appraise outcome that might be important to measure can and feel about their lives, considered in terms of be slotted uniquely into one of the three superor- particular domains or in total.

They do not represent the total within the domain of satisfaction, from the vantage number of classes that are known to exist. Given of subjective well-being. Psychological functioning the wide range of possible outcomes within each associated with ATD use, as assessed objectively, vantage, it is unrealistic to expect all relevant cat- would constitute a domain of body functions un- egories to be included in this presentation.

The subjective effect of an sented in Table 1. In the fully realized taxonomy, a cod- learning, focusing attention, reading, writing, cal- ing scheme would be developed so that any form of culating, carrying out daily routine, handling ATD intervention could be coded as to its expected stress and other psychologic demands, communi- consequences for one or more classes of outcome.

This includes how well the user maintains her or his health and avoids risks to Effectiveness health such as physical injury. It embraces the full life, interpersonal interactions and relationships, range of ATD effect, defined as functioning in the education, work and employment, economic trans- ICF.

The ICF permits at least two distinct forms of actions, community, social and civic life. It is rarely recipient. Three it is useful for summary measures of the popula- categories of cost are identified: service sector re- tion health of ATD users. Schulz et al. Domains of measurement include term care placement. The latter is considered to be residential care placement and delayed institu- especially important because of the high costs of tionalization , service utilization, and time and ef- institutional care.

Fourth, service utilization, in the context of Two other important, socially significant types of ATDs, refers to the consumption of service sector indicator identified by Schulz et al. This ar- and can include categories such as the number and ticle has already assigned patient functional status frequency of hospital emergency visits and read- and patient longevity to the effectiveness vantage.

First, caregiving, from the social significance surveys. Categories include observations or estima- quence e. Subjective Well-Being Second, cost refers to the dollar value of the Subjective well-being in this article is broadly resources consumed in providing ATDs and related equated with subjective quality of life as defined by services. Con- outcomes of programs and interventions. Cost is included within this framework be- by the QUEST assessment,33 but not be restricted cause it is popularly described as an important to it because the user may appraise a device on a Jutai et al.

Proxy ratings, done by knowledgeable ATDs are appraised and felt to influence the quality caregivers and healthcare professionals, may be of life of the individual user.

Flanagan40 described considered only in circumstances in which users the realm of possibilities along five dimensions: cannot give an assessment themselves. The user and ties; personal development and fulfillment; and caregiver, when applicable may be more or less recreation.

There have been ATDs are designed first and foremost to enhance promising developments in idiopathic measure- function, the importance of subjective well-being ment of subjective well-being outcomes, most no- to the other ATD outcomes vantages has not been tably around the constructs of device satisfaction, universally appreciated.

For example, satisfaction is life satisfaction, and psychosocial effect of ATDs. The literature does scribed as the extrinsic issues that determine their not describe a well-correlated effect of functional meaningfulness. Extrinsic issues include the influ- outcomes on quality of life36 nor are there hard ences of society and the natural and man-made data to show that an ATD, as a form of rehabilita- world. The scheme also incorporates elements of a tion intervention, is operationalized in this way.

For those ATDs that are designed for spe- plex. However, many ATDs are in- tion of one in the real world does not guarantee tended to ameliorate multiple problems for their the manifestation of any other. It should not be users, making it possible to obtain outcomes in assumed that outcomes within any one signify that functional and other domains, some of which may outcomes have automatically occurred within the be judged more meaningful than others.

This arti- other two. We argue the CATOR framework, this article supports the that successful ATD outcomes should be defined to principle that the activity and participation do- include evidence that functional skills acquired mains and subdomains should be operationally de- through rehabilitation proximal outcomes are fined in both objective and subjective terms. An example would be perceived life en- poral and spatial impact of ATDs than the word hancements from ATD use, including increased primary.

Proximal out- from other outcomes, and the suitability of an come dimensions include those functions for approach to economic analysis can be decided e. Because there may be as functional outcomes, cost-utility analysis for many dimensions as there are distinct categories of changes in quality of life for ATD users and their device features that might affect functionality, the caregivers, cost-benefit analysis with respect to the number of proximal dimensions is theoretically overall value created by the device intervention.

It should be noted, however, that prox- imal dimensions can also include aspects of sub- Next Steps in the Development of the jective well-being. For example, device satisfaction, Proposed Taxonomy as part of a more general evaluative reaction, is Two challenges remain in developing the CA- presumably expressible very early in the process of TOR taxonomy of ATD outcomes: 1 verifying the trying out a device, well before it is possible to taxonomic sufficiency of the foundation that is reliably observe how effective or efficient the device described and 2 making it more complete.

The has been. Also, an ATD may be expected to contrib- first task is based on an assertion that the taxon- ute to proximal gain in psychological well-being omy is complete at the level of its three major through enhanced sense of mastery. That is, a compel- outcomes. The strategy for disconfirming the Assistive technology. Assistive technology is cost effec- Elaboration of the foundational elements pre- tive in that appropriate devices can increase sented in this article includes identifying other the capacity of both children and adults with categories and subcategories of outcome than disabilities in the home, workplace and com- those described herein to afford a complete de- munity.

A number of categories could be added to social significance The CATOR taxonomy makes it clear that each domains, such as cost and service utilization, to device is expected to have an effect in one or more reflect effect in educational, occupational, and vo- of a much smaller set of distal outcome dimen- cational contexts. They are fewer in to be fleshed out is to survey outcome measures number because an effect in each of these areas that have played a prominent role in published would be measured the same way, regardless of studies.

Such a survey is reported by Lenker and how an ATD achieved its effectiveness. We expect Paquet. Adaptation theory allows for model- dates for being added. For example, focus groups comprised along extend to health-related aspects of well-being dis- various lines might be organized to discuss the tal outcomes. In that way, the distal outcomes ATD outcomes that they esteem. Content analyses have a determining effect on the maintenance of of their deliberations may highlight new outcome proximal outcome gains.

Cross-cultural re- search, too, using these and other methods might Economic Considerations identify new and important categories. Methods An advantage to the tripartite taxonomy is its should include the participation of specific rehabil- potential for facilitating a health economic analysis itation and assistive technology organizations for of ATDs in which outcomes consequences can be consensual validation and ad hoc groups as are related to costs.